meaningful-alternative-text
Mobile validation
Images can be informative, decorative, or functional, and each type needs different wording. In all cases, the text alternative should be clear and place the image in the right context, so screen reader users get the same information that the image conveys visually. When the text alternative is meaningless, such as “image”, a file name like “IMG_2048”, or a single character, screen reader users know there is an image but not what it shows. Avoid phrases like “image of”, because screen readers already announce the image role.
Note: Decorative images should not have a text alternative at all. Hide them from assistive technologies instead. See the related alternative-text validation.
Try It Yourself
Using a screen reader
New to screen reader testing, or need a refresher?
Review this article first: Practical guides for using screen readers
- Turn on VoiceOver on iOS, or TalkBack on Android.
- Swipe right or left to move to the image.
- Listen to its text alternative, and compare it with what the image shows in its context.
Expected results: The text alternative accurately conveys the information the image provides in its context, for example “Golden retriever puppy playing in the snow, image”.
Actual results: The text alternative is meaningless or vague, such as “image”, a file name, or a single character.
Using developer tools
- iOS: In Xcode, open Xcode > Open Developer Tool > Accessibility Inspector, select the simulator or device, and point at the image. Check its Label.
- Android: In Android Studio, open the Layout Inspector and select the image. Check its
contentDescription, for Views, or its semantics, for Jetpack Compose.
Expected results: The text alternative describes the image's content or purpose.
Actual results: The text alternative is a placeholder, a file name, or a generic word such as “image”.
FAQ
How does this issue relate to 1.1.1 Non-text Content?
SC 1.1.1 requires non-text content to have a text alternative that serves the equivalent purpose. A text alternative such as “image” or a file name exists, but it does not convey what the image shows or why it is there, so the criterion is not met.
Why is this issue marked as Serious?
When a text alternative is meaningless, screen reader users miss the information the image conveys, such as product details, charts, or status icons, and may make wrong choices as a result. It does not always block the task, but it often hides important content, so it is rated serious.
Standards and Regulations
| Standard | Success Criterion | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| WCAG 2.2 | 1.1.1 Non-text Content (A) | All non-text content that is presented to the user has a text alternative that serves the equivalent purpose, except for controls/input, time-based media, tests, sensory experiences, CAPTCHA, and decoration/formatting/invisible content. |
| EN 301 549 | 11.1.1.1 Non-text Content | Same as the WCAG text. |